光伏发电的结构组成部分
2023-10-19 14:04:25 浏览次(ci)数：
光伏发电的(de)结构(gou)组成
光伏发电(dian)系统是(shi)由太阳能电(dian)池方阵(zhen)，蓄电(dian)池组(zu)(zu)，充放电(dian)控制器，逆变器，交流(liu)配电(dian)柜，太阳跟踪(zong)控制系统等(deng)设备(bei)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。其(qi)部(bu)分(fen)设备(bei)的作用是(shi)：
电池方阵
在(zai)有光(guang)(guang)照（无论是(shi)太(tai)阳(yang)光(guang)(guang)，还是(shi)其它发光(guang)(guang)体产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)光(guang)(guang)照）情况下，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)吸(xi)收(shou)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)两(liang)端出现异号电(dian)(dian)荷的(de)积累(lei)，即产(chan)生(sheng)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)电(dian)(dian)压”，这就(jiu)是(shi)“光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)应”。在(zai)光(guang)(guang)生(sheng)伏特(te)效(xiao)应的(de)作用下，太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)两(liang)端产(chan)生(sheng)电(dian)(dian)动(dong)势，将光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)转换成电(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，是(shi)能(neng)(neng)量转换的(de)器件。太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般(ban)为硅电(dian)(dian)池(chi)，分(fen)为单晶(jing)(jing)硅太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)，多晶(jing)(jing)硅太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)和非(fei)晶(jing)(jing)硅太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)三种。
蓄电池组
其作用(yong)是贮存(cun)太阳能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)方阵(zhen)受光照(zhao)时(shi)发出的电(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)并(bing)可随时(shi)向负载供电(dian)(dian)。太阳能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)发电(dian)(dian)对所(suo)用(yong)蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)组的基本要求是：a.自放(fang)电(dian)(dian)率低；b.使用(yong)寿命(ming)长；c.深放(fang)电(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力强；d.充电(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率高；e.少维护(hu)或免维护(hu)；f.工(gong)作温度范围宽；g.价格(ge)低廉。
控制器(qi)
是(shi)(shi)能自动防止蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)过(guo)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)和过(guo)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的设备。由于蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的循环充(chong)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)次数及放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度是(shi)(shi)决定(ding)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用寿命的重要因(yin)素，因(yin)此能控制(zhi)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)过(guo)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)或过(guo)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的充(chong)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)器是(shi)(shi)必不可(ke)少的设备。
逆变(bian)器
是(shi)将直(zhi)流(liu)电转换成交(jiao)流(liu)电的(de)(de)设备(bei)。由(you)于太(tai)阳能电池(chi)和(he)蓄电池(chi)是(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)电源，而负载(zai)是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)负载(zai)时，逆变器(qi)是(shi)必不可(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)。逆变器(qi)按运(yun)行(xing)方(fang)式，可(ke)分为独立运(yun)行(xing)逆变器(qi)和(he)并网逆变器(qi)。
独(du)立运行逆变(bian)器用于独(du)立运行的(de)太阳(yang)能电(dian)池(chi)发(fa)电(dian)系统，为独(du)立负载供电(dian)。并网(wang)逆变(bian)器用于并网(wang)运行的(de)太阳(yang)能电(dian)池(chi)发(fa)电(dian)系统。
逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器按(an)输(shu)出波(bo)型可分为方波(bo)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器和正(zheng)弦波(bo)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器。方波(bo)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器电路(lu)简单，造价低，但谐波(bo)分量大，一(yi)般用于几百瓦(wa)以下(xia)和对谐波(bo)要求不高(gao)的系(xi)统(tong)。正(zheng)弦波(bo)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器成(cheng)本高(gao)，但可以适(shi)用于各种负载(zai)。
跟踪(zong)系统
由于相对(dui)于某一个(ge)固定地点(dian)的太(tai)(tai)阳能(neng)光伏发(fa)电系统(tong)，一年春夏秋冬四季(ji)、每(mei)天日(ri)升日(ri)落，太(tai)(tai)阳的光照角度时(shi)时(shi)刻(ke)(ke)刻(ke)(ke)都(dou)在(zai)变化，如果太(tai)(tai)阳能(neng)电池板(ban)能(neng)够时(shi)刻(ke)(ke)正对(dui)太(tai)(tai)阳，发(fa)电效率才会达到(dao)最佳状态。
世(shi)界上通用的(de)(de)(de)太阳跟踪(zong)(zong)控制系统(tong)都需(xu)要(yao)根(gen)据(ju)(ju)安(an)放点的(de)(de)(de)经(jing)纬度等信息计算(suan)一年中的(de)(de)(de)每一天的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)时刻(ke)太阳所在的(de)(de)(de)角度，将一年中每个时刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)太阳位(wei)置存储到PLC、单片(pian)机或电(dian)脑软件(jian)中，也就(jiu)是靠计算(suan)太阳位(wei)置以实现跟踪(zong)(zong)。采用的(de)(de)(de)是电(dian)脑数(shu)据(ju)(ju)理论，需(xu)要(yao)地(di)球经(jing)纬度地(di)区(qu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)据(ju)(ju)和设(she)定，一旦安(an)装(zhuang)(zhuang)，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)便移动或装(zhuang)(zhuang)拆，每次移动完就(jiu)必(bi)须(xu)重新设(she)定数(shu)据(ju)(ju)和调整各个参数(shu)；原理、电(dian)路、技术(shu)、设(she)备(bei)复杂，非专业人(ren)士不(bu)(bu)能够随便操(cao)作。把加(jia)装(zhuang)(zhuang)了智(zhi)能太阳跟踪(zong)(zong)仪的(de)(de)(de)太阳能发电(dian)系统(tong)安(an)装(zhuang)(zhuang)在高速行(xing)(xing)驶(shi)的(de)(de)(de)汽车、火车，以及(ji)通讯应(ying)急车、特种军(jun)用汽车、军(jun)舰或轮船上，不(bu)(bu)论系统(tong)向何(he)方行(xing)(xing)驶(shi)、如何(he)调头(tou)、拐弯，智(zhi)能太阳跟踪(zong)(zong)仪都能保(bao)证设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求跟踪(zong)(zong)部(bu)位(wei)正对太阳！
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