光伏发电有哪些原理
2021-09-03 18:29:12 浏(liu)览次数：
光伏发电(dian)的原理
光伏发电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)主要原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)是半导体的(de)(de)光电(dian)(dian)效应(ying)。光子(zi)照(zhao)射到金属上时，它的(de)(de)能量(liang)可(ke)以被金属中某个电(dian)(dian)子(zi)全部(bu)(bu)吸(xi)收，电(dian)(dian)子(zi)吸(xi)收的(de)(de)能量(liang)足够大，能克服(fu)金属内(nei)部(bu)(bu)引力(li)做功，离开金属表面逃逸(yi)出来(lai)，成为(wei)光电(dian)(dian)子(zi)。硅(gui)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)有(you)4个外层(ceng)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)，如果在纯硅(gui)中掺入有(you)5个外层(ceng)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)如磷原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)，就成为(wei)N型半导体；若在纯硅(gui)中掺入有(you)3个外层(ceng)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)如硼原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)，形成P型半导体。当P型和N型结(jie)合在一(yi)起时，接(jie)触(chu)面就会形成电(dian)(dian)势差，成为(wei)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池。当太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)光照(zhao)射到P－N结(jie)后，电(dian)(dian)流便从P型一(yi)边流向(xiang)N型一(yi)边，形成电(dian)(dian)流。
光电(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)应就是(shi)光照使不(bu)(bu)均(jun)匀半导(dao)体或半导(dao)体与金属(shu)结(jie)合的不(bu)(bu)同部位(wei)之间产(chan)生电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差的现(xian)象。它首先是(shi)由光子(光波)转(zhuan)化(hua)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)子、光能(neng)(neng)量转(zhuan)化(hua)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)量的过(guo)程；其次，是(shi)形成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压过(guo)程。
多晶硅经过铸锭、破锭、切(qie)片(pian)等程(cheng)序后，制(zhi)作成(cheng)待加工的(de)(de)硅片(pian)。在(zai)硅片(pian)上(shang)掺杂和扩散(san)微量的(de)(de)硼、磷等，就(jiu)形成(cheng)P－N结(jie)。然(ran)后采用(yong)(yong)丝网印(yin)刷，将精配好的(de)(de)银浆印(yin)在(zai)硅片(pian)上(shang)做成(cheng)栅(zha)线，经过烧结(jie)，同时制(zhi)成(cheng)背电(dian)极(ji)，并(bing)在(zai)有(you)栅(zha)线的(de)(de)面(mian)涂(tu)一层防反(fan)(fan)射(she)涂(tu)层，电(dian)池片(pian)就(jiu)至此制(zhi)成(cheng)。电(dian)池片(pian)排列组(zu)合成(cheng)电(dian)池组(zu)件，就(jiu)组(zu)成(cheng)了大的(de)(de)电(dian)路(lu)板。一般在(zai)组(zu)件四周包(bao)铝框，正面(mian)覆(fu)盖玻璃，反(fan)(fan)面(mian)安(an)装电(dian)极(ji)。有(you)了电(dian)池组(zu)件和其(qi)他(ta)辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)设备，就(jiu)可(ke)以组(zu)成(cheng)发(fa)(fa)电(dian)系(xi)统(tong)。为(wei)了将直流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)转化交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)，需(xu)要安(an)装电(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)转换器。发(fa)(fa)电(dian)后可(ke)用(yong)(yong)蓄电(dian)池存储，也(ye)可(ke)输入公共电(dian)网。发(fa)(fa)电(dian)系(xi)统(tong)成(cheng)本(ben)中(zhong)，电(dian)池组(zu)件约占50%，电(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)转换器、安(an)装费、其(qi)他(ta)辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)部件以及(ji)其(qi)他(ta)费用(yong)(yong)占另外50%。
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